DATA CONVERTER THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS 12.90 REFERENCES 12.96. PRINTER CIRCUIT BOARD ISSUES INTRODUCTION 12-1 CHAPTER 12: PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) DESIGN ISSUES Introduction Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are by far the most common method of assembling modern electronic circuits. Comprised of a sandwich of one or more insulating layers and one.
John 8 CommentsThe basic ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTER CIRCUIT has already been explained in an earlier post. Apart from it, there are also many types of monolithic analog to digital converters, such as the integrating A/D, integrating A/D with three-stage outputs, and the tracking A/D with latched outputs. In addition to this, the outputs of A/D are coded in straight binary, binary-coded decimal (BCD), complementary binary (l’s or 2’s), sign-magnitude binary, and so on. The figure below illustrates an 8-bit. John 6 CommentsThis type of converter is used to convert analog voltage to its corresponding digital output. The function of the analog to digital converter is exactly opposite to that of a DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER. Like a D/A converter, an A/D converter is also specified as 8, 10, 12 or 16 bit.
- KVA to amps calculator. Kilovolt-amps (kVA) to amps (A) calculator and how to calculate. Enter phase number, the apparent power in kilovolt-amps, voltage in volts and press the Calculate button to get the current in amps.
- Each circuit breaker in your breaker panel is labeled with the maximum amperage (current) capacity for that circuit. This may differ among circuits, so always check each breaker's capacity individually when calculating the electrical load that will cause that breaker to trip.
Though there are many types of A/D converters, we will be discussing only about the successive approximation type. Successive Approximation Type Analog to Digital Converter A successive approximation. John 5 CommentsEarlier, I had explained two DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS. Both of them have been designed for four inputs. But, if the number of inputs is more than four, the combination of output becomes more than 16.
This makes the circuit more complex and the accuracy of the circuit reduces. Therefore, in critical and complex applications, a monolithic/hybrid D/A converter IC must be used. With the help of binary-weighted resistor, and R and 2R resistor methods, 8-bit,10-bit, 12-bit, 14-bit,.
Admin 15 CommentsFrequency to Voltage converter circuit based on TC9400 IC. A very simple and low cost frequency to voltage converter based on the TC9400 IC from Microchip is shown here. TC9400 can be either wired as a voltage to frequency converter or frequency to voltage converter and it requires minimum external components.
The functional blocks inside the TC9400 includes integrator opamp, 3uS delay circuit, one shot circuit, charge discharge control circuit, divide by 2 network and necessary drivers. Jacky 32 CommentsMaking a frequency to voltage converter – All you need to know Description LM331 is basically a precision voltage to frequency converter from National Semiconductors. The IC has a hand full of applications like analog to digital conversion, long term integration, voltage to frequency conversion, frequency to voltage conversion. Wide dynamic range and excellent linearity make the IC well suitable for the applications mentioned above. Here the LM331 is wired as a frequency to voltage converter which converts the.
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To illustrate the factors that play a role in a buck converter’s efficiency, the Table below lists the equations used to estimate the most significant power losses. The parameters to minimize for high efficiency can be quickly determined utilizing these equations. The dominant losses in a buck converter design depend on the specific operating conditions of the circuit, and hence, it is important to perform the calculations below for your application. You can click on the table to enlarge it for easy viewing.Efficiency ParametersFrom these equations, the following parameters can be used to improve the efficiency of a buck converter.
Keep in mind that typically the output voltage and current are fixed by the load requirement.Parameters to Minimize for High EfficiencySwitching Frequency (f SW)Decreasing the switching frequency will decrease the losses in the MOSFETs, rectifier and the inductor core. Practical considerations usually limit the switching frequency. As the switching frequency decreases, the inductance and capacitance must increase in order to. Related Articles.maintain an acceptable amount of inductor current ripple and output voltage ripple.
As a result, the physical size of the inductors and capacitors will increase, and may not be acceptable in some applications.At low switching frequencies, the conduction losses will dominate and little is gained by decreasing the switching frequency any further. In the majority of point-of-load applications, an acceptable lower frequency range is approximately 150 to 350 kHz.Switching frequencies much greater than 350 kHz are possible while maintaining good efficiency as long as care is taken in selecting MOSFETs. Today’s MOSFETs allow for reasonable efficiencies at switching frequencies reaching 1.5 MHz without a substantial cost penalty.High-Side MOSFETBoth conduction and switching losses can be significant in the high-side MOSFET. Conduction losses are proportional to the R DS(ON), whereas switching losses are proportional to the gate charge, Q G, of the MOSFET. Unfortunately, for a given MOSFET fabrication process, low R DS(ON) devices will tend to have a higher gate charge and vice versa.
Deciding which MOSFET parameter is best to optimize depends on the duty cycle and switching frequency. For low duty cycles (.